• What is climate change? Climate change happens over a long period of time, and over time, the earth’s climate will change. These can include shifts in temperature and weather patterns. Sometimes, climate change can be natural, but currently, we are speeding up the process of climate change as we are primarily the main cause of it.
• What is causing climate change? – Climate change can happen naturally, but as we know, we are the main contributors to climate change, we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, which produce heat-trapping gas. And over time the atmosphere will keep trapping heat which causes the temperature to rise up. It’s like a greenhouse, the glass roof of the greenhouse traps the heat in to make the plants grow more.  That is what’s happening to planet Earth. This does have a name, it’s called greenhouse gas emissions, greenhouse gas emissions are like a blanket that is covering the earth, this traps the sun’s heat.
• Why do ākonga (students) throughout Aotearoa and globally want to go on strike from school and protest? – Because the planet is changing in a bad way. Climate change is happening around the world which would cause extreme weather events. New Zealand would experience more droughts and water shortages. While other countries would experience more disasters. Like hurricane Ida which destroyed things as it kept moving forward changing its location. But we are able to reduce climate change, it may take awhile, but we can reduce it little by little. We can help limit it by the way we travel to places, the electricity we use, and the food we eat. Electricity and heat are powered by coal, gas, and oil, which when used release carbon dioxide which goes into the atmosphere and traps heat. Which results in global warming and the result of global warming is climate change as the ice glaciers are melting and much more heavier rainfall are happening, due to the temperature of the earth.

Pica is an eating disorder in which the person eats things that are usually not considered food.  This disorder can impact your mental and emotional well-being (Taha Hinengaro). Most recent studies have found that pica can be associated with depression and anxiety and behaviors such as less positive body image. Pica is most commonly found in children and pregnant women.  The reason why it happens has not been clear yet.

16/10/24

Key Vocabulary

• Disaster: A sudden, catastrophic event that causes significant disruption, damage, and distress to a community or society, often overwhelming local capacity to cope (Natural, Technological, Human-made).
• Impact: The consequences or effects of a disaster on people, infrastructure, economy, and the environment.
• Resilience: The ability of communities and societies to withstand and recover from the effects of disasters, often through preparedness, response, and adaptation measures.
• Emergency Response: The immediate actions taken by governments, organizations, and communities to address the needs of affected populations during and after a disaster, including search and rescue operations, medical care, and humanitarian aid. 

Timeline – https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1idpaWir96lU4lGtk4eCmpEh_sJUxT90&usp=sharing

18/10/24 

Here we research about one natural disaster and one man-made disaster. – https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1EHQDikNs4p2yXkw5hxg9v3PCkNTHVNE-dxtlBukkOF0/edit?usp=sharing

Questions to answer: 

1. What were the different experiments you completed? – Testing hydrogen gas, and Making metal oxide gas.

1. What observations did you make in each experiment? – 

• Testing hydrogen gas –  When we put the metal in the acid we cover it up with another test tube to keep the gas in. Once that is done we have to absorb it until it builds enough gas.
• Making metal oxide gas – We get a pair of scissors tongs and use them to hold magnesium and then hold it over the Bunsen burner for a while and you will see a bright light.

1. How can reactants from your experiment be used to predict products? – You can see Hydrochloric acid + magnesium → Magnesium Chloride (hydrogen gas), Metal + oxygen → Metal oxide

1. What was each experiment testing for? One of the tests was to see if we could make a pop noise by putting an ignited flame surrounded by hydrogen gas. The other test was to see if we could make a bright light by burning magnesium.

Extension: include the word and/or symbol equation for each reaction you completed.

Metal + oxygen → metal oxide

Metal + Acid → Metal Salt + Hydrogen

Discussion:

For our experiment, we went ahead and tested the cabbage’s pH level, we put some water in it and boiled it until it made the water turn purple. Once that had happened we added the red and blue indicators, the red indicator made the cabbage water turn red, while the base indicator made the cabbage water turn green and then yellow. But sometimes in other substances, it changes to a different color, for example, turmeric for the red indicator turned yellow and the blue indicator turned a deep red/black.

The indicators change colors because when they are put in a liquid, depending on if the liquid is an acid or a base, it will have a different way of doing things. If it is an acid, the chemical H3O+ ions will donate protons to the indicator, causing the indicator to change color towards red. The base follows a similar way, the indicator gets the protons from the water molecules creating OH- ions. The H3O+ ions then donate protons to the OH- ions making the indicator turn the color towards purple. So if the liquid changes color towards red it is an acid while if it changes towards purple it is a base.

The ions present in the acid solutions are H+ which are hydrogen ions. The higher levels of hydrogen ions the more acidic it is. But the ions present in the base solutions are OH- which are hydroxide ions, the higher levels of hydroxide ions the more bases it has.

But what happens if you mix both the acidic solutions and the base solutions together? If you did mix those two together they would react and create a neutralization reaction that also forms a salt. According to Brønsted–Lowry terms, an acid can donate a proton H+ and a base is a substance that can accept a proton. Using two of the universal indicators is fine as they both do the same thing, so none of them is better.

Conclusion: 

Our experiment worked as we were able to tell which one of them was an acid and a base. If I were to do this again, I would change how long we boiled it for as we were behind as someone broke the beaker by accident which set us back a bit.

Aim:

We are trying to find out if the color of the cabbage water would change.

Equipment:

• Beaker
• Water
• Universal indicator
• Test Tubes

Method:

1. Get your cabbage and put it in the beaker.
2. Add some water into the beaker and put it on the heat until it boils for about a while.
3. Once it turns into the color purple, pour the liquid into two test tubes.
4. Once you’ve done that you need to add the universal indicator with hydrochloric acid into one tub and to the other one you need to add sodium hydroxide.
5. Watch and observe.

Results:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WS88rTda3NPKpwBQENWCbNCkfQaCVBMprS7HyOX1ZQ8/edit?usp=sharing

Aim:

We want to find out which of the substances are acidic, base, or neutral.

Equipment:

• Spotting tile
• Litmus Paper
• Substances to test.
• Universal Indicator
• Pipettes

Method:

1. Gather all your equipment.
2. Add a drop of universal indicator into the spotting tile.
3. Add the liquid or substance of your choosing to the spotting tile with the universal indicator and watch it change color.
4. Add the litmus paper and see what color it changes into.
5. If you have another piece of litmus paper dip it into the liquid again.

Results:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HvlCXIvJDdk-6Z5iysJ0jEz6KSHxwoPqShyk-3ahONg/edit?usp=sharing

Discussion:

As we did the experiment, each liquid had a different color as we added the universal indicator. The reason why this happens is because of its pH level, pH levels determine if the liquid is acidic, neutral, or base. If the liquid was acidic it would have a high hydrogen (H+) level as acids have a lot of hydrogen ions. If it were a base it would have a lot of hydroxide ions (OH-) to it as it is a base. If it was netural both of these ions would be balanced.

How we know if the liquid or chemical is acidic or a base is because it will change color to red or blue. If the liquid was acidic it would turn red as we added the universal indicator and if it was a base it would turn blue. Another way of telling if it is acidic or a base is by litmus paper. Now there is a red litmus paper and a blue litmus paper. If you dip a red one in and it stays that same color it means that it is acidic, but if it turns blue it means that it is a base. The same thing with the blue litmus paper, if it stays the same color it is a base but if it changes color to red it is an acid.

If you ever do this experiment, the universal indicator would be a better choice than the litmus paper. The reason why this is is because the universal indicator can change to a variety of colors and is helpful in specifying the strength of the acid or alkali.

Conclusion:

• Did all your experiments work – if they didn’t, why? – Yes all of our experiments did work. The reason why are experiments were successful is because we followed the steps we were meant to do. 

• What could you do to improve your science next time? Think about the reliability of your data – What we could have done differently is that we should have cleaned the pipettes for each liquid we used it on. The reason for this is that if we don’t clean it, and use it again the two substances would mix. For example, if I used toilet cleaner first and then floor cleaner, the two would mix and it would have some of the toilet cleaner in the floor cleaner.

• Describe what the consequences are of using drugs – Drug use can lead to dependence and drug addiction, which would make injuries, accidents, health problems, and sleep issues more high.
• Choose two drugs to research – 

1.  Alcohol – Alcohol is made from yeast that ferments sugar, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Alcohol is a less harmful drug but it is still a drug. People commonly drink alcohol to relieve pain and anxiety, which might want to make them drink more.
2. Marijuana – Marijuana is a dried leaf, flower, stem, and seed that are from the cannabis Sativa or cannabis indica plant. People commonly use this drug for pain relief from types of chronic pain including nerve damage.

Alcohol – 

• Positive – Drinking alcohol can improve digestion or offer a soothing respite and the end of a stressful hard day.
• Negative – Some negatives of drinking alcohol that can occur over time are liver disease, cancer, stroke, dehydration, nausea, and vomiting.

Marijuana – 

• Positive – In the short term marijuana can help you feel better if you have depression.
• Negative – Taking Marijuana increases lung irritation, impairs memory, and eye redness.

• List a minimum of FIVE consequences for each drug – 

1. Alcohol –  Liver disease, cancer, stroke, dehydration, nausea, and vomiting.
2. Marijuana  – Lung irritation, impairs memory, and eye redness.
3. Cocaine –